Abstract:
Large-scale wind farms with multiple rows of horizontal-axis wind turbines suffer from significant power losses (30%-40%) due to wake interactions. To deal with this situation, the yaw-based active wake control (AWC) has been proposed. The principle of AWC is to yaw the upstream wind turbines so that the wake can be deflected away from the turbine row, which hopefully will lead to a net gain of the total wind farm power production. In this paper, the progress of the AWC technique in the past decade is reviewed from four aspects: wake models of single non-yawed wind turbine, wake models of single yawed wind turbine, wake superposition methods for multiple wind turbines, and wind farm power optimization. Meanwhile, issues needed to be addressed before being applied to engineering are summarized. Based on these reviews, it is fair to conclude that the AWC technique is more or less mature now, in the sense that earlier laboratory results from analytical modeling, numerical simulations, and wind tunnel studies have been successfully applied to field tests of commercial wind farms, and significant improvement of the net power gain has been obtained. In terms of theoretical progress, EPFL Gaussian wake models, primary and secondary wake deflection models based on the vortex-induced cross-wind velocities, momentum-conserving wake superposition laws are increasingly becoming the standard in the wind farm power prediction. Regarding practical engineering, it has been found that a whole bunch of parameters such as turbine rows, streamwise turbine spacing, turbulence intensity, thermal instability of atmospheric boundary layer, wind speed, and direction variability can affect the magnitude of net power gain in the active wake control. According to recent field tests performed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL, US) and Stanford University, AWC is able to improve the total wind farm power production by 5%-15% if the wind direction is aligned with turbine rows, and when these net power gains are averaged over all wind directions, an increase of 1%-3% in the wind farm efficiency is expected.