Abstract: During high-speed flight, vehicles are often subjected to intense alternating thermal-dynamic loads, under which conventional air cooling fails to meet the high heat flux dissipation requirements. Consequently, phase-change spray cooling has emerged as a promising heat transfer method. In this paper, the thermohydraulic characteristics of a single droplet impacting and evaporating on a vibrating heated wall under strong alternating thermal-dynamic coupling conditions are numerically investigated. Emphasis is placed on the effects of wall vibration parameters and droplet state parameters on the dynamic behavior and evaporative heat transfer characteristics of a single droplet impacting a vibrating heated surface. The results indicate that the proposed evaporation heat transfer model based on the Lee method accurately simulates the dynamic behavior and transient heat transfer characteristics of a single droplet impacting a vibrating heated wall, with a relative deviation of less than 5%. As the vibration frequency (f^*) and amplitude (A^*) increase, the maximum spreading diameter of the droplet increases until splashing occurs. Within the range of vibration parameters studied, wall vibration enhances heat transfer to a certain extent, achieving a maximum enhancement ratio of 2.27 (A^* = 0.7, f^* = 1.66). With increasing initial droplet temperature, the heat transfer temperature difference decreases, leading to a reduction in instantaneous heat flux. In contrast, an increase in droplet velocity enhances disturbance and significantly improves heat transfer performance.