复杂近地边界下涵道共轴旋翼气动特性

Aerodynamic characteristics of a ducted coaxial rotor near complex ground boundaries

  • 摘要: 为揭示复杂近地边界对涵道共轴旋翼时均气动响应的影响,采用稳态RANS方法和RNG湍流模型,研究离地高度(h/D = 0.1~5.0)、地面倾角(α = 0°~60°)和台阶相对位置(l/D = −1.5~1.5)对涵道及上下旋翼升力分配的影响,并采用公开旋翼地效试验数据验证数值方法。结果表明:随h/D减小,涵道升力下降而上下旋翼升力增加;当h/D = 0.1时,涵道、上旋翼和下旋翼的升力增益比分别约为0.28、1.60和1.58。对于h/D = 0.6工况,α由0°增至60°时,涵道升力增益比由0.910增至0.964,上、下旋翼则由1.050和1.045降至约1.000,表明倾斜地面形成的侧向排流能够削弱地面对出口尾流的约束。台阶工况中,飞行器轴线越过台阶边缘后(l/D 由负变正),涵道升力增益比由约0.88降至0.65,上、下旋翼分别增至约1.17和1.10,边缘附近的射流分流、偏转与回卷导致部件升力重新分配。上述离地高度、地面倾角与台阶相对位置三类近地边界分别体现边界距离约束、边界方向改变和局部几何突变,其作用均表现为出口尾流组织和涵道压力分布的重构,并进一步导致涵道与上、下旋翼之间的升力重新分配;据此可建立“边界条件—平均流场—压力分布—部件升力”的统一物理链路。本文稳态RANS建模体系实现了复杂近地边界下平均流动组织和部件升力的统一比较,强地效及台阶边缘可作为后续非定常研究的重点工况,可为涵道共轴旋翼近地气动性能评估及后续控制建模提供依据。

     

    Abstract: In order to reveal the influence of the complex near-ground boundary on the time-averaged aerodynamic response of the ducted coaxial rotor, the steady-state RANS method and the RNG turbulence model were used to study the effects of ground height (h/D = 0.1~5.0), ground inclination angle (α = 0°~60°) and relative position of the steps (l/D = −1.5~1.5) on the lift distribution of the duct and the upper and lower rotors, and the public rotor ground effect test data was used to verify the numerical method. The results show that as h/D decreases, the ducted lift decreases while the upper and lower rotor lifts increase; when h/D = 0.1, the lift gain ratios of the three are approximately 0.28, 1.60 and 1.58 respectively. For the h/D = 0.6 operating condition, when α increases from 0° to 60°, the ducted lift gain ratio increases from 0.910 to 0.964, and the upper and lower rotors decrease from 1.050 and 1.045 to about 1.000, indicating that the lateral drainage formed by the inclined ground can weaken the ground's constraint on the exit wake. In the step condition, after the aircraft axis crosses the edge of the step (l/D from negative to positive), the ducted lift gain ratio drops from about 0.88 to 0.65, and the upper and lower rotors increase to about 1.17 and 1.10 respectively. The jet divergence, deflection and rewinding near the edge lead to the redistribution of the lift of the components. The above-mentioned three types of near-ground boundaries, ground height, ground inclination angle and relative position of the steps respectively reflect boundary distance constraints, boundary direction changes and local geometric mutations. Their effects are the reconstruction of the exit wake organization and duct pressure distribution, and further lead to the redistribution of lift between the duct and the upper and lower rotors; based on this, a unified physical link of "boundary conditions-average flow field-pressure distribution-component lift" can be established. The steady-state RANS modeling system in this paper realizes a unified comparison of the average flow structure and component lift under complex near-ground boundaries. Strong ground effects and step edges can be used as key conditions for subsequent unsteady research, which can provide a basis for near-ground aerodynamic performance evaluation of ducted coaxial rotor and subsequent control modeling.

     

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