Abstract: Future advanced air vehicles demonstrate a development trend towards high-speed flight in low-altitude airspace so that boundary layers over the aircraft high Mach numbers, high Reynolds numbers, and high total enthalpy feature. Higher Reynolds numbers lead to the boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent states. The high-temperature environment, induced by the compression of intense shock waves, results in a thermochemical non-equilibrium state encompassing the effects of vibration excitation, dissociation, and ionization that invalidate the perfect gas assumption. The deeply intertwined high-temperature and high-Reynolds-number effects give rise to the high-temperature turbulence, which introduces novel flow physics including the disturbances evolution and multiscale flow structures in high-enthalpy boundary layers, gas-solid multiphase reactions under high-temperature and strong disturbances, as well as plasma turbulence in extremely high-temperature environments. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the research progress and current status regarding high-temperature turbulence mechanisms, prediction, and experimental measurements. Furthermore, it outlines the future research directions that deserve attention.