Abstract:
The variation in flapping wing pitch angles profoundly affects insects' flight and acoustic performance. In this study, we conduct a preliminary investigation on the flight and acoustic performance during wing flapping, examining three distinct pitch angle patterns: sinusoidal, trapezoidal, and rapid pitch-up. Our primary interest lies in insects harnessing wing-produced sound waves, or wing tones, for communication. The flow fields around the flapping wing are computed using an overset grid approach to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Subsequently, the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation is applied to predict sound generation, leveraging data from the aerodynamic simulations. The results indicate that different pitch angle patterns may be suitable for various practical applications. Specifically, the sinusoidal pattern enhances flight efficiency and reduces noise levels, the trapezoidal pattern results in more lift and a higher sound-generation efficiency for communication, and the rapid pitch-up pattern can provide more lift and have a higher sound-generation efficiency for communication. When performing the pattern named ‘rapid pitch-up’, the flapping wing can achieve both higher flight efficiency and sound-generation efficiency simultaneously.