基于Navier-Stokes方程的旋翼前飞状态气动特性数值模拟研究
Numerical research on aerodynamic characteristics of rotors in forward flight based on Navier-Stokes equations
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摘要: 建立了一个适用于旋翼前飞状态非定常流场和气动载荷计算的数值方法。在该方法中,控制方程为惯性坐标系下的三维非定常Navier-Stokes方程,空间方向上将三阶逆风格式(MUSCL)与通量差分分裂方法相结合。为较好地模拟流动分离,采用了一方程的Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,时间方向则采用双时间法推进求解。为计入桨叶的旋转、周期性挥舞和变距运动,采用了运动嵌套网格方法。此外,为了更真实地反映旋翼桨叶的实际运动,发展了一个旋翼配平分析模型及求解方法。应用所建立的方法,首先计算了具有先进气动外形的四片桨叶的UH-60A直升机旋翼悬停状态的流场及气动性能,验证了该方法对悬停状态旋翼气动性能数值模拟的有效性。在此基础上,着重对Caradonna模型旋翼无升力前飞状态和AH-1G直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰前飞状态的气动特性(表面压强分布、扭矩、气动载荷)进行了计算,数值结果和试验值吻合良好,表明本文建立的CFD方法对旋翼前飞状态流场的模拟和气动载荷的计算是有效的。Abstract: A numerical method for simulating the unsteady flowfield and calculating the aerodynamic load of the helicopter rotor in forward flight has been developed.In this method,the 3-D unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are discretized by the combination of the third-order upwind scheme(MUSCL) and flux-difference splitting scheme,the Spalart-Allmaras one-equation turbulence model has been employed for better simulating the flow separation,and the numerical method updates the solution in time using the dual-time stepping method.To account for the rigid blade motions in rotation,flapping and pitching,a moving embedded grids methodology has been presented.Besides,in order to reflect the actual movement of the rotor blades,a rotor trim analytical model and solver are developed.With the developed method,the flowfield and aerodynamic performance of a four-bladed UH-60A rotor with advanced aerodynamic shapes in hover are calculated firstly.Based on this,simulated results about the aerodynamic characteristics(surface pressure distributions,rotor torque,aerodynamic loads) are emphatically conducted for a two-bladed Caradonna model rotor in non-lifting forward flight and the AH-1G rotor in forward flight with the occurrence of blade-vortex interaction phenomena.The numerical results agree well with experimental data,and it indicates that the present method is effective to calculate the flowfield and aerodynamic loads of the helicopter rotor in forward flight.
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