AC-SDBD等离子体激励防/除冰研究现状与展望

孟宣市; 惠伟伟; 易贤; 蔡晋生; 李华星

doi:10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0159

AC-SDBD等离子体激励防/除冰研究现状与展望

doi: 10.7638/kqdlxxb-2021.0159

1.
西北工业大学翼型/叶柵空气动力学国家级重点实验室，西安　710072
2.
中国空气动力研究与发展中心结冰与防除冰重点实验室，绵阳　621000

基金项目: 中国空气动力研究与发展中心结冰与防除冰重点实验室开放课题资助(IADL20210101)；国家自然科学基金（12072284，11672245）；航空科学基金（2018ZA53）；国家级重点实验室基金（9140C420301110C42）；飞行器复杂流动与控制引智基地项目（B17037）

详细信息

作者简介:
孟宣市^*（1976-），男，陕西兴平人，博士，教授，博导，研究方向：分离涡、附面层转捩等复杂流动机理及流动控制研究；飞行器结冰机理与防/除冰方法研究. E-mail: mxsbear@nwpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: V211.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-08-06
- 修回日期: 2021-08-19
- 录用日期: 2021-08-29
- 网络出版日期: 2021-01-04
- 刊出日期: 2022-05-05

Anti-/De-icing by AC-SDBD plasma actuators: status and outlook

1.
National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerodynamic Design and Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’ an　710072, China
2.
Aircraft Icing and Anti-/De-icing Laboratory, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang　621000, China

摘要

摘要: 层流控制、复合材料、全电驱动等创新性航空技术的应用给传统防/除冰方法带来了新的挑战。基于高电压驱动的表面介质阻挡放电等离子体激励新概念防/除冰方法因其没有复杂的机械构造和潜在的气动耗损，从而有潜力成为下一代飞行器采用的防/除冰方法。该综述从飞行过程中的结冰与防/除冰研究、等离子体空气动力与热激励特性研究、等离子体激励防/除冰研究等三个方面，对等离子体防/除冰方法的研究现状和发展趋势进行了分析，指出等离子体防/除冰研究的关键科学问题主要包括：1）以等离子体空气动力与热激励为主要因素的多物理场耦合机制；2）等离子体激励下多物理场非平衡相变演化规律与防/除冰机理。上述科学问题的研究包含了等离子体物理特性、流动控制机理、结冰机理、防/除冰规律等众多流体力学前沿方向，等离子体防/除冰研究的难点在于涉及多物理场耦合和多时间尺度，因此，相应的数值模拟方法与实验观测技术成为解决上述科学问题的关键突破点。探索等离子体激励防/除冰机制以及解决面向工程应用的技术问题，是下一步需要聚焦的研究方向。
- 介质阻挡放电 /
- 等离子体发生器 /
- 除积冰 /
- 防结冰 /
- 流动控制
Abstract: The application of innovative technologies in aerospace, such as the laminar flow control, composite materials, and fully electric propulsion, brings new challenges to traditional anti-/de-icing methods in recent years. The new concept of anti-/de-icing based on high voltage driven surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) plasma actuators which have no complicated mechanical structures nor potential aerodynamic loss, has the great potential to be applied to the next-generation flight vehicle. The present study reviews the anti-/de-icing technique using SDBD plasma actuators from three aspects, i.e. in-flight icing mechanism and available anti-/de-icing approaches, characteristics of the plasma aerodynamics and the thermal actuation effect, and anti-/de-icing applications using SDBD plasma actuators. It is pointed out that the key scientific issues in the research of anti-/de-icing using plasma actuators mainly include the following: 1) multi-physics coupling mechanism, especially the plasma aerodynamics and thermal actuation effect as the two main factors; 2) evolution and mechanism of non-equilibrium phase transition of multi-physics during the anti-/de-icing process. Those scientific issues include many frontier areas in fluid mechanics, such as the physical properties of plasma, flow control mechanism, in-flight icing mechanism, and anti-/de-icing rules. The difficulty of the research of plasma anti-/de-icing lies in the coupling of multiple physical fields and multiple time scales. Numerical simulation methods and experimental measurement techniques can lead to critical breakthroughs in solving these issues. Mechanism exploration of anti-/de-icing by SDBD plasma actuators and solutions to technical problems faced by engineering applications are the future research directions that need to be focused on.
- surface dielectric barrier discharge /
- plasma actuator /
- de-icing /
- anti-icing /
- flow control

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图 1 SDBD 等离子体诱导空气动能及转换效率随均方根电流的变化^[19]

Figure 1. Variation of the induced air kinetic energy and the energy transfer efficiency of SDBD with the square root of the current^[19]

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图 2 飞机飞行过程中的防/除冰方法

Figure 2. Approaches for in-flight anti-/de-icing

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图 3 不同来流剪切作用下的水膜厚度变化^[13]

Figure 3. Variation of the water film thickness under different inflow shear ^[13]

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图 4 过冷水滴凝固的典型阶段^[45]

Figure 4. Typical phases for the frozen of a supercooled droplet^[45]

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图 5 翼型前缘结冰对其升阻力特性的影响^[46]

Figure 5. Effect of the leading-edge icing of an airfoil on the lift/drag characteristics^[46]

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图 6 积冰机翼表面控制体中能量平衡示意图^[50]

Figure 6. Schematic of the energy balance in the control volume on an icing airfoil surface^[50]

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图 7 飞机失事过程再现^[53]

Figure 7. Repetition of the flight accident^[53]

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图 8 表面介质阻挡放电(SDBD)等离子体激励器示意图^[62]

Figure 8. Schematic of the SDBD plasma actuator^[62]

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图 9 放电区域内(虚线)的旋转(顶部)与振动(底部)温度云图^[65]

Figure 9. Contours of the rotational temperature (upper) and vibrational temperature (lower) in the discharge region (dashed box)^[65]

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图 10 不同边界层状态下激励器表面温度比较^[69]

Figure 10. Comparison of the actuator surface temperatures under different boundary layer conditions^[69]

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图 11 等离子体激励下空间启动涡的不同物理场特性^[71]

Figure 11. Physical characteristics of the spatial starting vortex generated by the plasma actuation^[71]

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图 12 非定常等离子体激励下表面温度随时间的变化特性^[72]

Figure 12. Time variation of the surface temperature under unsteady plasma actuation^[72]

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图 13 冰块对AC-SDBD等离子体激励器放电特性的影响

Figure 13. Effect of an ice cube on the discharge characteristics of the AC-SDBD plasma actuator

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图 14 AC-SDBD等离子体激励器防结冰过程(U_∞ = 15 m/s, T_∞ = −10℃) ^[81-82]

Figure 14. Anti-icing process of the AC-SDBD plasma actuator at U_∞ = 15 m/s, T_∞ = −10℃ ^[81-82]

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图 15 NACA0012翼型等离子防结冰效果(U_∞ = 90 m/s, T_∞ = −7℃, LWC = 0.5 g/m³) ^[83]

Figure 15. Plasma anti-icing effect on NACA0012 airfoil at U_∞ = 90 m/s, T_∞ = −7℃, LWC = 0.5 g/m³^[83]

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图 16 定常与非定常控制下翼型表面上动态积冰过程的时间演变(U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.0 g/m³) ^[85]

Figure 16. Time evolution of the dynamical icing process on the lower surface of the airfoil under steady and unsteady control at U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.0 g/m³^[85]

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图 17 原始布局与优化后的防结冰等离子体激励器布局示意图(U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.0 g/m³) ^[86]

Figure 17. Schematic of the plasma actuator layout for anti-icing before and after the optimization at U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.0 g/m³^[86]

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图 18 原始布局与优化后的等离子体激励防结冰结果比较(U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.0 g/m³) ^[86]

Figure 18. Comparison of the anti-icing effects by plasma actuators before and after the layout optimization(U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.0 g/m³) ^[86]

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图 19 可以诱导不同方向射流的防结冰等离子体激励器 ^[87]

Figure 19. Anti-icing plasma actuators inducing jets in different directions^[87]

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图 20 可以诱导不同方向射流的等离子体激励器具有不同的防结冰效果(U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.0 g/m³)^[87]

Figure 20. Different anti-icing effects generated by plasma actuators inducing jets in different directions at U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.0 g/m³^[87]

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图 21 等离子体激励防结冰机理示意图 ^[87]

Figure 21. Schematic of the anti-icing mechanism by plasma actuators^[87]

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图 22 流向和展向分布等离子体激励器防冰效果比较(U_∞ = 30 m/s, T_∞ = −10℃, LWC = 0.7 g/m³)^[88-89]

Figure 22. Comparison of the anti-icing effects by plasma actuators with streamwise and spanwise distributions at U_∞ = 30 m/s, T_∞ = −10℃, LWC = 0.7 g/m³^[88-89]

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图 23 流向和展向分布等离子体激励器防结冰效果比较(U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.5 g/m³)^[90]

Figure 23. Comparison of the anti-icing effects by plasma actuators with streamwise and spanwise distributions at U_∞ = 40 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 1.5 g/m³^[90]

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图 24 “流式等离子热刀”的侧视图和俯视图^[92]

Figure 24. Side and top views of the streamwise plasma heat knife^[92]

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图 25 “流式等离子热刀”防结冰过程(U_∞ = 65 m/s,T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 0.5 g/m³)^[90]

Figure 25. Anti-icing process of the streamwise plasma heat knife at U_∞ = 65 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 0.5 g/m³^[90]

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图 26 多时间尺度下NS-SDBD等离子体激励热耦合防冰策略^[95]

Figure 26. Heat coupled anti-icing strategy by NS-SDBD plasma actuation under multi time scales^[95]

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图 27 AC-SDBD等离子体激励除积冰过程(U_∞ = 15 m/s, T_∞ = −10℃)^[81-82]

Figure 27. De-icing process by AC-SDBD plasma actuation at U_∞ = 15 m/s, T_∞ = −10℃ ^[81-82]

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图 28 NS-SDBD等离子体激励除积冰过程(U_∞ = 0 m/s)^[96]

Figure 28. De-icing process by NS-SDBD plasma actuation at U_∞ = 0 m/s ^[96]

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图 29 AC-SDBD等离子体激励防/除冰功率随来流速度变化曲线

Figure 29. Variation of the anti-/de-icing power of AC-SDBD plasma actuation with the freestream velocity

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图 30 等离子体激励器冰型调控过程(U_∞ = 65 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 0.5 g/m³)^[101]

Figure 30. Ice shape adjusting process by plasama actuators at U_∞ = 65 m/s, T_∞ = −5℃, LWC = 0.5 g/m³ ^[101]

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图 31 等离子体锥杆的破冰过程 ^[102-103]

Figure 31. Ice breaking process by the cone rod of plasma^[102-103]

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图 32 低电压等离子体激励防结冰过程(V_RMS = 2 kV) ^[104]

Figure 32. Anti-icing process by low voltage plasma acutation at V_RMS = 2 kV^[104]

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表 1 AC-SDBD等离子体激励防/除冰功率(瞬时电流电压积分法)

Table 1. Anti-/De-icing power by AC-SDBD plasma actuation (integration method of instantaneous current and voltage)

参考文献	孟宣市等^[81]，蔡晋生等^[82]	孟宣市等^[87]	Yang Liu等^[85]
实验条件	U_∞= 15 m/s, T_∞= –10°C, MVD = 50～200 μm	U_∞= 40 m/s, T_∞= –5°C, MVD = 10～100 μm LWC = 1.0 g/m³	U_∞= 40 m/s, T_∞= –5°C, MVD = 10～100 μm LWC= 1.0 g/m³
实验模型	圆柱(D = 50 mm)	翼型(NACA0012)	翼型(NACA0012)
除积冰(kW/m²)	13.0
防结冰(kW/m²)		17.9	10
参考文献	Kolbakir等^[90]	田苗等^[97]	田永强等^[83]
实验条件	U_∞= 40 m/s, T_∞= –5°C, MVD = 10～100 μm LWC = 1.5 g/m³	U_∞= 65 m/s, T_∞= –10°C, MVD = 25 μm LWC = 0.5 g/m³	U_∞= 90 m/s, T_∞= –7°C, MVD = 20 μm LWC = 0.5 g/m³
实验模型	翼型(NACA0012)	翼型(NACA0012)	翼型(NACA0012)
除积冰(kW/m²)
防结冰(kW/m²)	12.2～15	26.8	28.1，30.7

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