Aerodynamic research progress in wind energy Ⅱ: Inflow and wake characteristics
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摘要: 空气动力学是风能工程面临的首要和关键问题之一,决定着风工程的经济性、稳定性和安全性。针对风能技术发展的迫切需求,结合近年来风能设备大型化、规模化、海洋化、智能化和数字化的发展趋势,对风能利用中的空气动力学问题进行了探讨,本篇为其中第二部分:入流和尾流特性。一方面,选取大气边界层、风力机尾流、陆上/海上/复杂地形风电场混合尾流及其之间的相关干扰等典型气动问题为论述对象。另一方面,从外场测量、风洞实验、理论分析、数值模拟、工程建模和人工智能等多种研究途径着手,梳理其中涉及的关键空气动力学问题、特殊物理现象及取得的重要研究进展,分析所涉及的流动分布特性、演变规律与关键流动机理。此外,结合我国气候、地理条件、国情探讨风电发展面临的空气动力学难题并尝试给出解决策略。最后,对未来的研究方向进行展望。以期为风电的行业规划、技术发展和工程实施提供重要参考。Abstract: Aerodynamics is the primary and key issue faced by wind energy engineering, which determines its economy, stability and safety. Based on the development requirement and trend of large-scale, clustering, oceanic, intelligence and digital for wind engineering, the present review is mainly focused on the aerodynamics issues faced by wind energy, such as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), wind turbine wake flow, onshore/offshore/complex-terrain wind farm flow and its interactions. As the second review of a successive work, special interests here are put on the atmospheric inflow and wake characteristics of wind turbines. For these two aspects, this paper summarizes recent research efforts in field measurement, wind tunnel experiment, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, engineering modelling and artificial intelligence predictions, and also provides some views on the corresponding flow distribution characteristics, evolution laws and key mechanisms. Some discussions and suggestions are made on the aerodynamic challenges faced by wind power development under our country’s specific atmospheric/geographical conditions. Finally, a non-exhaustive perspective on the future of wind energy engineering research is presented. It is expected to provide an important reference for wind power industry planning, technological development and project implementation.
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Key words:
- Wind energy /
- aerodynamics /
- wind turbine /
- wind farm /
- atmospheric boundary layer /
- research progress
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表 1 风力机周围流场的特点
Table 1. Flow characteristics around a wind turbine
类型 位置 特点 诱导区 上游1D 由于风力机实体的阻塞作用,造成风速下降 近尾流区 下游2D~4D 流场分布取决于叶片的几何外形和数目、塔架、机舱以及来流大气属性。表现为高度复杂的三维各向异性流动 远尾流区 下游≥4D 主要受风力机气动特性(如功率、推力特性)、大气湍流(地表粗糙度和大气稳定度)和尾流等影响。表现为具有自相似特点的各向同性流动 -
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